Think U.S. health authorities have never conducted outrageous medical experiments on children, women, minorities, homosexuals and inmates? Think again: This timeline,
originally put together by Dani Veracity (a NewsTarget reporter), has been edited and updated with recent vaccination experimentation programs in Maryland and New
Jersey. Here's what's really happening in the United States when it comes to exploiting the public for medical experimentation:
(1845 - 1849)
J. Marion Sims, later hailed as the "father of gynecology," performs medical experiments on enslaved African women without anesthesia. These women would usually die
of infection soon after surgery. Based on his belief that the movement of newborns' skull bones during protracted births causes trismus, he also uses a shoemaker's awl,
a pointed tool shoemakers use to make holes in leather, to practice moving the skull bones of babies born to enslaved mothers
(1895) New York pediatrician Henry Heiman infects a 4-year-old
boy whom he calls "an idiot with chronic epilepsy" with gonorrhea as part of a
medical experiment.
(1896) Dr. Arthur Wentworth turns 29 children at Boston's Children's Hospital into human guinea pigs when he performs spinal taps
on them, just to test whether the procedure is harmful
(1906) Harvard professor Dr. Richard Strong infects prisoners in the Philippines with cholera to study the disease; 13 of them die. He compensates
survivors with cigars and cigarettes. During the Nuremberg Trials, Nazi doctors cite this study to justify their own medical experiments.
(1911) Dr. Hideyo Noguchi of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research publishes data on injecting an inactive syphilis preparation into the skin of
146 hospital patients and normal children in an attempt to develop a skin test for syphilis. Later, in 1913, several of these children's parents sue Dr. Noguchi
for allegedly infecting their children with syphilis -- "Reviews and Notes: History of Medicine: Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the
Second World War".
(1913) Medical experimenters "test" 15 children at the children's home St. Vincent's House in Philadelphia with tuberculin, resulting in permanent blindness
in some of the children. Though the Pennsylvania House of Representatives records the incident, the researchers are not punished for the experiments -- "Human
Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and After".
(1915) Dr. Joseph Goldberger, under order of the U.S. Public Health Office, produces Pellagra, a debilitating disease that affects the central nervous system,
in 12 Mississippi inmates to try to find a cure for the disease. One test subject later says that he had been through "a thousand hells." In 1935, after millions die
from the disease, the director of the U.S Public Health Office would finally admit that officials had known that it was caused by a niacin deficiency for some time,
but did nothing about it because it mostly affected poor African-Americans. During the Nuremberg Trials, Nazi doctors used this study to try to justify their medical
experiments on concentration camp inmates.
(1932)(1932-1972) The U.S. Public Health Service in Tuskegee, Ala. diagnoses 400 poor, black sharecroppers with syphilis but never tells them of their illness
nor treats them; instead researchers use the men as human guinea pigs to follow the symptoms and progression of the disease. They all eventually die from syphilis
and their families are never told that they could have been treated -- University of Virginia Health System Health Sciences Library.
(1939) In order to test his theory on the roots of stuttering, prominent speech pathologist Dr. Wendell Johnson performs his famous "Monster Experiment" on 22
children at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport. Dr. Johnson and his graduate students put the children under intense psychological pressure, causing them to
switch from speaking normally to stuttering heavily. At the time, some of the students reportedly warn Dr. Johnson that, "in the aftermath of World War II, observers
might draw comparisons to Nazi experiments on human subjects, which could destroy his career" -- Alliance for Human Research Protection
(1941) Dr. William C. Black infects a 12-month-old baby with herpes as part of a medical experiment. At the time, the editor of the Journal of Experimental
Medicine, Francis Payton Rous, calls it "an abuse of power, an infringement of the rights of an individual, and not excusable because the illness which followed had
implications for science"
An article in a 1941 issue of Archives of Pediatrics describes
medical studies of the severe gum disease Vincent's angina in which doctors
transmit the disease from sick children to healthy children with oral swabs.
Researchers give 800 poverty-stricken pregnant women at a Vanderbilt University prenatal clinic "cocktails" including radioactive iron in order to determine
the iron requirements of pregnant women.
(1942) The Chemical Warfare Service begins mustard gas and lewisite experiments on 4,000 members of the U.S. military. Some test subjects don't realize they are
volunteering for chemical exposure experiments, like 17-year-old Nathan Schnurman, who in 1944 thinks he is only volunteering to test "U.S. Navy summer clothes".
Merck Pharmaceuticals President George Merck is named director of the War Research Service (WRS),
an agency designed to oversee the establishment of a biological warfare program.
(1944 - 1946) A captain in the medical corps addresses an April 1944 memo to Col. Stanford Warren, head of the Manhattan Project's Medical Section, expressing
his concerns about atom bomb component fluoride's central nervous system (CNS) effects and asking for animal research to be done to determine the extent of these effects:
"Clinical evidence suggests that uranium hexafluoride may have a rather marked central nervous system effect ... It seems most likely that the F [code for fluoride]
component rather than the T [code for uranium] is the causative factor ... Since work with these compounds is essential, it will be necessary to know in advance what
mental effects may occur after exposure." The following year, the Manhattan Project would begin human-based studies on fluoride's effects.
The Manhattan Project medical team, led by the now infamous University of Rochester radiologist Col. Safford Warren, injects plutonium into patients at the
University's teaching hospital, Strong Memorial -- Burton Report.
(1945)Continuing the Manhattan Project, researchers inject plutonium into three patients at the University of Chicago's Billings Hospital.
The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence and the CIA begin Operation Paperclip, offering Nazi scientists immunity and secret identities in exchange for
work on top-secret government projects on aerodynamics and chemical warfare medicine in the United States -- "Project Paperclip".
(1945 - 1955) In Newburgh, N.Y., researchers linked to the Manhattan Project begin the most extensive American study ever done on the health effects of
fluoridating public drinking water.
(1946) Continuing the Newburg study of 1945, the Manhattan Project commissions the University of Rochester to study fluoride's effects on animals and
humans in a project codenamed "Program F." With the help of the New York State Health Department, Program F researchers secretly collect and analyze blood and tissue
samples from Newburg residents. The studies are sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission and take place at the University of Rochester Medical Center's Strong Memorial
Hospital.
(1946 - 1947) University of Rochester researchers inject four male and two female human test subjects with uranium-234 and uranium-235 in dosages ranging
from 6.4 to 70.7 micrograms per one kilogram of body weight in order to study how much uranium they could tolerate before their kidneys become damaged.
Six male employees of a Chicago metallurgical laboratory are given water contaminated with plutonium-239 to drink so that researchers can learn how plutonium
is absorbed into the digestive tract.
Researchers begin using patients in VA hospitals as test subjects for human medical experiments, cleverly worded
as "investigations" or "observations" in medical study reports to avoid negative connotations and bad publicity.
The American public finally learns of the biowarfare experiments being done at Fort Detrick from a report released by the War Department.
(1947) Col. E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) issues a top-secret document (707075) dated Jan. 8. In it, he writes that "certain
radioactive substances are being prepared for intravenous administration to human subjects as a part of the work of the contract".
A secret AEC document dated April 17 reads, "It is desired that no
document be released which refers to experiments with humans that might have an
adverse reaction on public opinion or result in legal suits," revealing that the
U.S. government was aware of the health risks its nuclear tests posed to
military personnel conducting the tests or nearby civilians.
The CIA begins studying LSD's potential as a weapon by using military and civilian test subjects for
experiments without their consent or even knowledge. Eventually, these LSD studies will evolve into the MKULTRA program in 1953.
(1947 - 1953) The U.S. Navy begins Project Chatter to identify and test so-called "truth serums," such as those used by the Soviet Union to interrogate
spies. Mescaline and the central nervous system depressant scopolamine are among the many drugs tested on human subjects.
(1948) Based on the secret studies performed on Newburgh, N.Y. residents beginning in 1945, Project F researchers publish a report in the August 1948 edition
of the Journal of the American Dental Association, detailing fluoride's health dangers. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) quickly censors it for "national
security" reasons.
(1950) (1950 - 1953) The U.S. Army releases chemical clouds over six American and Canadian cities. Residents in Winnipeg, Canada, where a highly toxic
chemical called cadmium is dropped, subsequently experience high rates of respiratory illnesses.
In order to determine how susceptible an American city could be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of Bacillus globigii
bacteria from ships over the San Francisco shoreline. According to monitoring
devices situated throughout the city to test the extent of infection, the eight
thousand residents of San Francisco inhale five thousand or more bacteria
particles, many becoming sick with pneumonia-like symptoms.
Dr. Joseph Strokes of the University of
Pennsylvania infects 200 female prisoners with viral hepatitis to study the disease.
Doctors at the Cleveland City Hospital study changes in cerebral blood
flow by injecting test subjects with spinal anesthesia, inserting needles in
their jugular veins and brachial arteries, tilting their heads down and, after
massive blood loss causes paralysis and fainting, measuring their blood
pressure. They often perform this experiment multiple times on the same subject.
Dr. D. Ewen Cameron, later of MKULTRA infamy due to his 1957 to1964 experiments on Canadians, publishes an article in the British Journal of Physical
Medicine, in which he describes experiments that entail forcing
schizophrenic patients at Manitoba's Brandon Mental Hospital to lie naked under
15- to 200-watt red lamps for up to eight hours per day. His other experiments
include placing mental patients in an electric cage that overheats their
internal body temperatures to 103 degrees Fahrenheit, and inducing comas by
giving patients large injections of insulin.
(1951) The U.S. Army secretly contaminates the Norfolk
Naval Supply Center in Virginia and Washington, D.C.'s National Airport with a strain of bacteria chosen because African-Americans were believed to be more susceptible
to it than Caucasians. The experiment causes food poisoning, respiratory problems and blood poisoning.
(1951 - 1956) Under contract with the Air Force's School of Aviation Medicine (SAM), the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston begins studying
the effects of radiation on cancer patients -- many of them members of minority groups or indigents, according to sources -- in order to determine both radiation's ability
to treat cancer and the possible long-term radiation effects of pilots flying nuclear-powered planes. The study lasts until 1956, involving 263 cancer patients. Beginning
in 1953, the subjects are required to sign a waiver form, but it still does not meet the informed consent guidelines established by the Wilson memo released that year.
The TBI studies themselves would continue at four different institutions -- Baylor University College of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research,
the U.S. Naval Hospital in Bethesda and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine -- until 1971 -- U.S. Department of Energy.
American, Canadian and British military and intelligence officials gather a small group of eminent psychologists to a secret meeting at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel
in Montreal about Communist "thought-control techniques." They proposed a top-secret research program on behavior modification -- involving testing drugs, hypnosis,
electroshock and lobotomies on humans.
(1952) At the famous Sloan-Kettering Institute, Chester M. Southam injects live cancer cells into prisoners at the Ohio State Prison to study the progression of
the disease. Half of the prisoners in this National Institutes of Health-sponsored (NIH) study are black, awakening racial suspicions stemming from Tuskegee, which was
also an NIH-sponsored study.
(1953 - 1974) The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) sponsors iodine studies at the University of Iowa. In the first study, researchers give pregnant women 100 to 200 microcuries of iodine-131 and then study the women's aborted embryos in order to learn at what stage and to what extent radioactive iodine crosses the placental barrier. In the second study, researchers give 12 male and 13 female newborns under 36 hours old and weighing between 5.5 and 8.5 pounds iodine-131 either orally or via intramuscular injection, later measuring the concentration of iodine in the newborns' thyroid glands.
As part of an AEC study, researchers feed 28 healthy infants at the University of Nebraska College of Medicine iodine-131 through a gastric tube and then test concentration of iodine in the infants' thyroid glands 24 hours later.
(1953 - 1957) Eleven patients at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston are injected with uranium as part of the Manhattan Project.
In an AEC-sponsored study at the University of Tennessee, researchers inject healthy two- to three-day-old newborns with approximately 60 rads of iodine-131.
Newborn Daniel Burton becomes blind when physicians at Brooklyn Doctors Hospital perform an experimental high oxygen treatment for Retrolental Fibroplasia, a retinal disorder affecting premature infants, on him and other premature babies. The physicians perform the experimental treatment despite earlier studies showing that high oxygen levels cause blindness. Testimony in Burton v. Brooklyn Doctors Hospital
(452 N.Y.S.2d875) later reveals that researchers continued to give Burton and
other infants excess oxygen even after their eyes had swelled to dangerous
levels.
A 1953 article in Clinical Science describes a medical experiment in which researchers purposely blister the abdomens of 41 children, ranging in age from eight to 14, with cantharide
in order to study how severely the substance irritates the skin.
The AEC performs a series of field tests known as "Green Run," dropping radiodine
131 and xenon 133 over the Hanford, Wash. site -- 500,000 acres encompassing
three small towns (Hanford, White Bluffs and Richland) along the Columbia River.
In an AEC-sponsored study to learn whether radioactive iodine affects premature babies differently from full-term babies, researchers at Harper Hospital in Detroit give oral doses of iodine-131 to 65 premature and full-term infants weighing between 2.1 and 5.5 pounds (Goliszek).
(1955 - 1957) In order to learn how cold weather affects human physiology, researchers give a total of 200 doses of iodine-131, a radioactive tracer that concentrates almost immediately in the thyroid gland, to 85 healthy Eskimos and 17 Athapascan
Indians living in Alaska. They study the tracer within the body by blood,
thyroid tissue, urine and saliva samples from the test subjects. Due to the
language barrier, no one tells the test subjects what is being done to them, so
there is no informed consent.
(1956 - 1957) U.S. Army covert biological
weapons researchers release mosquitoes infected with yellow fever and dengue
fever over Savannah, Ga., and Avon Park, Fla., to test the insects' ability to
carry disease. After each test, Army agents pose as public health officials to
test victims for effects and take pictures of the unwitting test subjects. These
experiments result in a high incidence of fevers, respiratory distress,
stillbirths, encephalitis and typhoid among the two cities' residents, as well
as several deaths.
(1957) The U.S. military conducts Operation Plumbbob at the Nevada Test Site, 65 miles northwest of Las Vegas. Operation Pumbbob consists of 29 nuclear detonations, eventually creating radiation expected to result in a total 32,000 cases of thyroid cancer among civilians in the area. Around 18,000 members of the U.S. military participate in Operation Pumbbob's
Desert Rock VII and VIII, which are designed to see how the average foot soldier
physiologically and mentally responds to a nuclear battlefield.
(1957 - 1964) As part of MKULTRA, the CIA pays McGill University Department of Psychiatry founder Dr. D. Ewen
Cameron $69,000 to perform LSD studies and potentially lethal experiments on
Canadians being treated for minor disorders like post-partum depression and
anxiety at the Allan Memorial Institute, which houses the Psychiatry Department
of the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. The CIA encourages Dr. Cameron to
fully explore his "psychic driving" concept of correcting madness through
completely erasing one's memory and rewriting the psyche. These "driving"
experiments involve putting human test subjects into drug-, electroshock- and
sensory deprivation-induced vegetative states for up to three months, and then
playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements for weeks or months
in order to "rewrite" the "erased" psyche. Dr. Cameron also gives human test
subjects paralytic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy 30 to 40 times, as part
of his experiments. Most of Dr. Cameron's test subjects suffer permanent damage
as a result of his work.
In order to study how blood flows through children's brains, researchers at Children's Hospital in Philadelphia perform the following experiment on healthy children, ranging in age from three to 11: They insert needles into each child's femoral artery (thigh) and jugular vein (neck), bringing the blood down from the brain. Then, they force each child to inhale a special gas through a facemask. In their subsequent Journal of Clinical Investigation
article on this study, the researchers note that, in order to perform the
experiment, they had to restrain some of the child test subjects by bandaging
them to boards.
(1958) The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) drops radioactive materials over Point Hope, Alaska, home to the Inupiats,
in a field test known under the codename "Project Chariot".
(1961) In response to the Nuremberg Trials, Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram
begins his famous Obedience to Authority Study in order to answer his question
"Could it be that (Adolf) Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust
were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?" Male test
subjects, ranging in age from 20 to 40 and coming from all education
backgrounds, are told to give "learners" electric shocks for every wrong answer
the learners give in response to word pair questions. In reality, the learners
are actors and are not receiving electric shocks, but what matters is that the
test subjects do not know that. Astoundingly, they keep on following orders and
continue to administer increasingly high levels of "shocks," even after the
actor learners show obvious physical pain.
(1962)
Researchers at the Laurel Children's Center in Maryland test experimental acne
antibiotics on children and continue their tests even after half of the young
test subjects develop severe liver damage because of the experimental
medication.
The FDA begins requiring that a new pharmaceutical undergo three human clinical trials before it will approve it. From 1962 to 1980, pharmaceutical companies satisfy this requirement by running Phase I trials, which determine a drug's toxicity, on prison inmates, giving them small amounts of cash for compensation.
(1963) Chester M. Southam, who injected Ohio State Prison inmates with live cancer cells in 1952, performs the same procedure on 22 senile, African-American female patients at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in order to watch their immunological response. Southam
tells the patients that they are receiving "some cells," but leaves out the fact
that they are cancer cells. He claims he doesn't obtain informed consent from
the patients because he does not want to frighten them by telling them what he
is doing, but he nevertheless temporarily loses his medical license because of
it. Ironically, he eventually becomes president of the American Cancer Society.
Researchers at the University of Washington directly irradiate the testes of 232
prison inmates in order to determine radiation's effects on testicular function.
When these inmates later leave prison and have children, at least four have
babies born with birth defects. The exact number is unknown because researchers
never follow up on the men to see the long-term effects of their experiment.
(1963 - 1966) New York University researcher Saul Krugman promises parents with mentally disabled children definite enrollment into the Willowbrook State School in Staten Island, N.Y., a resident mental institution for mentally retarded children, in exchange for their signatures on a consent form for procedures presented as "vaccinations." In reality, the procedures involve deliberately infecting children with viral hepatitis by feeding them an extract made from the feces of infected patients, so that Krugman
can study the course of viral hepatitis as well the effectiveness of a hepatitis
vaccine.
(1963 - 1971) Leading endocrinologist Dr. Carl Heller gives 67
prison inmates at Oregon State Prison in Salem $5 per month and $25 per
testicular tissue biopsy in compensation for allowing him to perform irradiation
experiments on their testes. If they receive vasectomies at the end of the
study, the prisoners are given an extra $100.
Researchers inject a genetic compound called radioactive thymidine
into the testicles of more than 100 Oregon State Penitentiary inmates to learn
whether sperm production is affected by exposure to steroid hormones.
In a study published in Pediatrics,
researchers at the University of California's Department of Pediatrics use 113
newborns ranging in age from one hour to three days old in a series of
experiments used to study changes in blood pressure and blood flow. In one
study, doctors insert a catheter through the newborns' umbilical arteries and
into their aortas and then immerse the newborns' feet in ice water while
recording aortic pressure. In another experiment, doctors strap 50 newborns to a
circumcision board, tilt the table so that all the blood rushes to their heads
and then measure their blood pressure.
(1964 - 1967) The Dow Chemical Company pays Professor Kligman $10,000 to learn how dioxin -- a highly toxic, carcinogenic component of Agent Orange -- and other herbicides affect human skin because workers at the chemical plant have been developing an acne-like condition called Chloracne and the company would like to know whether the chemicals they are handling are to blame. As part of the study, Professor Kligman applies roughly the amount of dioxin Dow employees are exposed to on the skin 60 prisoners, and is disappointed when the prisoners show no symptoms of Chloracne. In 1980 and 1981, the human guinea pigs used in this study would begin suing Professor Kligman
for complications including lupus and psychological damage.
(1965) As part of a test codenamed "Big Tom," the Department of Defense sprays Oahu, Hawaii's most heavily populated island, with Bacillus globigii in order to simulate an attack on an island complex. Bacillus globigii
causes infections in people with weakened immune systems, but this was not known
to scientists at the time.
(1966) U.S. Army scientists drop light bulbs filled with Bacillus subtilis
through ventilation gates and into the New York City subway system, exposing
more than one million civilians, including women and children, to the bacteria.
(1967) The CIA places a chemical in the drinking water
supply of the FDA headquarters in Washington, D.C. to see whether it is possible
to spike drinking water with LSD and other substances.
In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, researchers inject pregnant women with radioactive cortisol
to see if the radioactive material will cross the placentas and affect the
fetuses.
The U.S. Army pays Professor Kligman to apply skin-blistering chemicals to Holmesburg Prison inmates' faces and backs, so as to, in Professor Kligman's
words, "learn how the skin protects itself against chronic assault from toxic
chemicals, the so-called hardening process," information which would have both
offensive and defensive applications for the U.S. military.
Professor Kligman develops Retin-A
as an acne cream (and eventually a wrinkle cream), turning him into a
multi-millionaire.
Researchers paralyze 64 prison inmates in California with a neuromuscular compound called succinylcholine, which produces suppressed breathing that feels similar to drowning. When five prisoners refuse to participate in the medical experiment, the prison's special treatment board gives researchers permission to inject the prisoners with the drug against their will.
(1968) Planned Parenthood of San Antonio and South Central
Texas and the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education begin an oral
contraceptive study on 70 poverty-stricken Mexican-American women, giving only
half the oral contraceptives they think they are receiving and the other half a
placebo. When the results of this study are released a few years later, it stirs
tremendous controversy among Mexican-Americans.
(1969)
Experimental drugs are tested on mentally disabled children in
Milledgeville, Ga., without any institutional approval whatsoever.
Judge Sam Steinfield's dissent in Strunk v. Strunk, 445 S.W.2d 145
marks the first time a judge has ever suggested that the Nuremberg Code be
applied in American court cases.
(1970) Under order from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which also sponsored the Tuskegee Experiment, the free childcare program at Johns Hopkins University collects blood samples from 7,000 African-American youth, telling their parents that they are checking for anemia but actually checking for an extra Y chromosome (XYY), believed to be a biological predisposition to crime. The program director, Digamber Borganokar,
does this experiment without Johns Hopkins University's permission.
(1971) Stanford University conducts the Stanford Prison
Experiment on a group of college students in order to learn the psychology of
prison life. Some students are given the role as prison guards, while the others
are given the role of prisoners. After only six days, the proposed two-week
study has to end because of its psychological effects on the participants. The
"guards" had begun to act sadistic, while the "prisoners" started to show signs
of depression and severe psychological stress.
An article entitled "Viral Infections in Man Associated with Acquired Immunological Deficiency States" appears in Federation Proceedings. Dr. MacArthur and Fort Detrick's Special Operations Division have, at this point, been conducting mycoplasma
research to create a synthetic immunosuppressive agent for about one year, again
suggesting that this research may have produced HIV.
(1973)
An Ad Hoc Advisory Panel issues its Final Report on the Tuskegee
Syphilis Study, writing, "Society can no longer afford to leave the balancing of
individual rights against scientific progress to the scientific community".
(1977) The National Urban League holds its National
Conference on Human Experimentation, stating, "We don't want to kill science but
we don't want science to kill, mangle and abuse us".
(1978)
The CDC begins experimental hepatitis B vaccine trials in New York. Its ads for research subjects specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men. Professor Wolf Szmuness of the Columbia University School of Public Health had made the vaccine's infective serum from the pooled blood serum of hepatitis-infected homosexuals and then developed it in chimpanzees, the only animal susceptible to hepatitis B, leading to the theory that HIV originated in chimpanzees before being transferred over to humans via this vaccine. A few months after 1,083 homosexual men receive the vaccine, New York physicians begin noticing cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, Mycoplasma penetrans
and a new strain of herpes virus among New York's homosexual community --
diseases not usually seen among young, American men, but that would later be
known as common opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS.
(1980) According to blood samples tested years later for HIV, 20 percent of all New York homosexual men who participated in the 1978 hepatitis B vaccine experiment are HIV-positive by this point.
The first AIDS case appears in San Francisco.
(1981) The CDC acknowledges that a disease known as AIDS exists and confirms 26 cases of the disease -- all in previously healthy homosexuals living in New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles -- again supporting the speculation that AIDS originated from the hepatitis B experiments from 1978 and 1980.
(1982) Thirty percent of the test subjects used in the CDC's hepatitis B vaccine experiment are HIV-positive by this point.
(1985) A former U.S. Army sergeant tries to sue the Army for using drugs on him in without his consent or even his knowledge in United States v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669.
Justice Antonin Scalia writes the decision, clearing the U.S. military from any
liability in past, present or future medical experiments without informed
consent.
(1987) Philadelphia resident Doris Jackson discovers that researchers have removed her son's brain post mortem
for medical study. She later learns that the state of Pennsylvania has a
doctrine of "implied consent," meaning that unless a patient signs a document
stating otherwise, consent for organ removal is automatically implied.
(1988) (1988 - 2001) The New York City Administration for Children's Services begins allowing foster care children living in about two dozen children's homes to be used in National Institutes of Health-sponsored (NIH)
experimental AIDS drug trials. These children -- totaling 465 by the program's
end -- experience serious side effects, including inability to walk, diarrhea,
vomiting, swollen joints and cramps. Children's home employees are unaware that
they are giving the HIV-infected children experimental drugs, rather than
standard AIDS treatments.
(1990) The United States sends 1.7 million members of the armed forces, 22 percent of whom are African-American, to the Persian Gulf for the Gulf War ("Desert Storm"). More than 400,000 of these soldiers are ordered to take an experimental nerve agent medication called pyridostigmine,
which is later believed to be the cause of Gulf War Syndrome -- symptoms ranging
from skin disorders, neurological disorders, incontinence, uncontrollable
drooling and vision problems -- affecting Gulf War veterans.
The CDC and
Kaiser Pharmaceuticals of Southern California inject 1,500 six-month-old black
and Hispanic babies in Los Angeles with an "experimental" measles vaccine that
had never been licensed for use in the United States. Adding to the risk,
children less than a year old may not have an adequate amount of myelin around
their nerves, possibly resulting in impaired neural development because of the
vaccine. The CDC later admits that parents were never informed that the vaccine
being injected into their children was experimental.
The FDA allows the
U.S. Department of Defense to waive the Nuremberg Code and use unapproved drugs
and vaccines in Operation Desert Shield.
(1992) Columbia University's New York State Psychiatric Institute and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine give 100 males -- mostly African-American and Hispanic, all between the ages of six and 10 and all the younger brothers of juvenile delinquents -- 10 milligrams of fenfluramine
(fen-fen) per kilogram of body weight in order to test the theory that low
serotonin levels are linked to violent or aggressive behavior. Parents of the
participants received $125 each, including a $25 Toys 'R' Us gift certificate.
(1994) President Clinton appoints the Advisory Commission on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE), which finally reveals the horrific experiments conducted during the Cold War era in its ACHRE Report.
(1995) A 19-year-old University of Rochester student named
Nicole Wan dies from participating in an MIT-sponsored experiment that tests
airborne pollutant chemicals on humans. The experiment pays $150 to human test
subjects.
In the Mar. 15 President's Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE), former human subjects, including those who were used in experiments as children, give sworn testimonies stating that they were subjected to radiation experiments and/or brainwashed, hypnotized, drugged, psychologically tortured, threatened and even raped during CIA experiments. These sworn statements include:
Present day: New Jersey mandates the mass vaccination of all children with four different vaccines, stripping away the health freedoms of parents and unleashing a mass medical experiment that exploits the bodies of children and enriches pharmaceutical companies while criminalizing parents who refuse to participate.
Source: http://www.naturalnews.com/022383.html